what is communication And Networks?

Identity 

We live in a society that is connected in the sense of khanya.  We can make instant contact with others anywhere in the world;  Events in smaller countries also spread quickly around the world;  Your e-mail messages reach handheld devices;  Cars use the Internet to get driving directions and repair mechanical breakdowns.  Each home appliance is connected to the Internet and can be used by remote control.  The communication and information options available to you have changed the way you look at the world.  The capacity and flexibility of our communication systems has increased and so has the sophistication of the networks that support them.  Your cellular, commercial and internet

There are many types of network technology that handle communication.  Your telephone messages, e-mails, and text messages go via satellite, broadcast towers, telephone lines, underground lines, and fiber optics.  It is very important that all these networks are handled and integrated efficiently and effectively.  In order to use computers efficiently and effectively, you need to understand the concepts of connectivity, wireless networking and the components of networks and communication systems.  Also, you need to understand communication channels, connection devices, data transmission, types of networks, network architecture, and organizational networks.

Communications 

The process of computer exchange, we have discussed a number of applications that rely on communication systems, such as 

• e-mail - provides a quick and efficient alternative to traditional correspondence by sending and receiving electronic documents. 
•  Testing - Provides highly efficient direct text communication between individuals through small electronic messages.  
• Video Conferencing - Logs using electronic voice and video delivery - provides a very affordable alternative to distus telephone calls.  
• Electric Commerce - Electronic buying and selling of goods.  

This case focuses on communication systems that support this and other applications.  Connectivity, wireless revolution and communication systems are the key concepts and technologies of the 21st century.

Connectivity 

The concept of connectivity is to connect people and resources through a computer network.  For example, if you have connectivity, you can connect your personal computer to computers and information sources located anywhere else.  Through this connection you were connected to large computers and the Internet.  This includes millions of web servers and their vast information resources.  Therefore, in order to use computers efficiently and effectively, it is necessary to know not only about personal computers and networks, but also about large computer systems and their information resources.

Wireless Revolution

 The most dramatic change in the field of connectivity and communication in the last decade is the use of devices like smartphones and tablets with wireless internet connectivity.  Students, parents, teachers, traders and others communicate regularly using these devices.  It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion smartphones are in use worldwide.  With this wireless technology, people can communicate with each other anytime, anywhere.  How is this revolution?  Although wireless technology was originally used for voice communication, today's mobile computers support e-mail, web access, social networking and various other Internet applications.  Furthermore, using wireless technology, many types of devices can communicate with other nearby devices without any physical contact.  With wireless communication, you can share high-speed printers and data files with a coworker and work on a document, even when there is no cable or telephone connection between the computers.  High-speed Internet Wireless technology allows a person to connect to the Internet and share information from anywhere in the world.  But is this a revolution?  Most experts answer 'yes' and this is just the beginning.

Communication systems 

Communication systems are electronic systems that transmit data from one location to another.  Both wired and wireless communication systems have four basic elements.  

• Sending and receiving devices.  These are most often computers or specialized communication devices.  They can send (receive) and receive (receive) messages in the form of data, information and / or instructions.  
• Connection devices.  These devices act as interfaces between the sending and receiving devices and the communication channel.  They convert outgoing messages into packets that can be sent to a communication channel.  The same process is done in the opposite direction for incoming messages. 
• Data transmission specifications.  These rules and procedures coordinate the sending and receiving devices by precisely determining how the message will be sent to the communication channel.
• Communication channel.  It can be the actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the message.  Is.  This medium can be a wire or cable or even wireless

For example, if you want to send an e-mail to your friend, you can create and send the message on your computer, that is, on the sending device.  Your modem, the connection device, will modify and format the message so that it can be sent via communication channels such as telephone lines.  The data transmission specification is the specification of how the message will be modified and reformed and sent.  When your message completes its journey through the communication channel, the receiver's modem, the connection device, will reformat the message so that it can be viewed on your friend's computer, the receiving device.  (Note: This example represents the basic elements involved in sending an e-mail. It represents all the specific steps and tools involved in an e-mail delivery system and is not intended as such).

Communication Channels 

Are carried from one computer to another.  There are two categories of communication channels.  A category connects sending and receiving devices via a physical connection, such as a wire or cable.  The second category is wireless.  

Physical connections 

Physical connections connect sending and receiving devices through a solid medium.  These connections include twisted-pair, coaxial and fiber-optic cables.  

• Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of copper wires wrapped around each other.  Twisted pair is used for both standard telephone lines and Ethernet cables.  Ethernet cables are used in networks and to connect different parts of the system unit.

• A coaxial cable is a high-frequency transmission cable.  Instead of multiple wires in telephone lines, it has a single solid-copper wire. Speaking of the number of telephone connections, the transmission capacity of a coaxial cable is eighty times greater than that of a twisted pair.  Coaxial cable is used for television signals and to connect computers to a network.  
• Fiber optic cable transmits data through tiny tubes of glass in the form of pulses of light.  The data transmission speed of a fiber optic cable is incredible;  Recently 1 petabit per second has been measured (1 petabit is 10 lakh gigabytes). It is lighter, faster and more reliable for data transmission than coaxial cable.  Fiber optic cable twisted pair cable is rapidly displacing telephone lines.  

Wireless Connections 

Wireless connections do not connect sending and receiving devices by any concrete means.  They carry data through the air.  Most wireless connections use radio waves for communication.  For example, smartphones and many other Internet-enabled devices use radio waves to make telephone calls and connect to the Internet.  The major technologies used for wireless connections are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Microwave, WiMAX, cellular and satellite connections.

• Bluetooth is a short range radio communication standard that can transmit data up to a distance of about 33 feet.  Bluetooth is used in wireless headsets, printer connections and handheld devices.  
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) uses high-frequency radio signals to transmit data.  There are several standards for Wi-Fi, and they all send and receive data at different speeds. Most home and business wireless networks have Wi-Fi
• Microwave communication uses high-frequency radio waves.  This is sometimes called line-off-site communication because microwaves can only travel in a straight line.  Since the waves cannot bend like the curves of the earth, they can only be transmitted at relatively short distances.  So microwaves are a great way to send data between buildings in a single city or over a large area.  To transmit over long distances, these waves have to be relayed by microwave dishes or microwave stations with antennas.  
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a new standard that extends the range of Wi-Fi networks using microwave connections.  WiMAX is mostly used by universities and others to increase the capacity of existing Wi-Fi networks. 
• Cellular communication uses multiple antennas (cell towers) to send and receive data in relatively small geographical areas (cells).  Most cell phones and mobile devices use cellular networks.
• Satellite communication uses satellites in orbit at an altitude of 22,000 miles above the earth as microwave relay stations.  Many of these are offered by Intelsat, the International Telecommunication Satellite Consortium, which is owned by the governments of 114 countries and creates a worldwide communications system.  Satellites revolve around the earth at a certain point and speed.  They can amplify the microwave signal of one transmitter on the ground and relay it to another transmitter.  Large amounts of data can be sent and received via satellites.  Uplink means sending data to a satellite.  Downlink is the process of retrieving data from a satellite.  The biggest disadvantage of satellite communication is that bad weather can disrupt the flow of data. 

Wifi Standard

One of the best applications of Satellite Communication is for Global Positioning.  A network of satellites owned and operated by the Department of Defense constantly sends location information to Earth.  Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices use this information to determine the specific geographic location of devices.  This system is available for navigation support in many automobiles and is installed on the dashboard.  It has screens for showing maps and speakers for listening to instructions.  Most modern smartphones and tablets use GPS technology for handheld navigation.  

 Unlike radio waves, infrared uses infrared light waves to communicate over short distances.  Like microwave transmissions, infrared is a line-of-site communication.  Light waves can only travel in a straight line, so the sending and receiving devices should be in sight of each other and there should be no obstruction in that path.  The TV remote is a very common infrared device.

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