Secondary storage identi
Secondary storage devices are used to move files containing identity data or progress from one place to another or from one computer to another. At one time, almost all files contained only numbers and letters. The need to save these files could easily be met by low capacity storage devices. Now that data storage includes digital music, photos, videos, and many other types of files in addition to numbers and letters, these new types require high-capacity secondary storage devices.Secondary storage devices are already part of all computer systems. They are the same as output and input devices. Like output devices, secondary storage devices receive information from the system unit in machine language of 0's and 1's. But secondary storage devices without its translation They are then stored in the machine language for later use. Secondary storage devices, like input devices, send information to the system unit for processing. But since the information is already in machine language, it does not have to be translated. It is sent directly to the memory (RAM), from where it can be accessed and processed by the CPU.
In order for a computer to run efficiently and effectively, you need to know a variety of secondary storage. You need to know the capabilities, limitations and uses of hard disks, solid state drives, optical disks, cloud storage and other types of secondary storage. Also, you should be aware of specialty storage devices for portable computers and how large organizations manage their extensive data resources.
Storages
The ability to save or store storage information is an important feature of the capacity of each computer that the CPU is currently processing. It needs to come into RAM before the data or program can be processed or run. RAM is also called primary storage.
Unfortunately, most RAMs provide only temporary or volatile storage, meaning that all of the content is lost when the computer is turned off. Even if the power supply of the system unit is cut off, the contents are lost. This instability creates the need for more permanent or static storage for data or programs. External storage is required if the computer's primary or RAM memory requires more storage capacity than is normally available.
Secondary storage offers permanent or static storage. Using a secondary storage device such as a hard disk drive, data and programs are retained even when the computer is turned off. This is done by writing the files to the secondary storage device or reading the files on it. Writing is the process of saving information on a secondary storage device. Reading is the process of accessing information on secondary storage. This case focuses on secondary storage devices.
The key features of secondary storage are:
Media is the physical content on which data and programs are located.
Capacity measures how much material can be stored on one storage medium.
Storage devices are hardware that reads data and programs on storage media. Most of these can also write to storage media.
Access speed is the time it takes for a storage device to retrieve data and programs,
Most desktop computers have ports for connecting hard disk and optical disk drives, as well as additional storage devices.
Hard Disks
Retrieves programs by changing the magnetic charges on the surface of the hard 0 guard disk and the representation of 1. Characters are represented by positive (+) and negative (-) charges using ASCII EBCDIC or Unicode binary codes. For example, the letter A requires a series of 8 charges. The density is expressed by how tightly these charges can be packed side by side on the disc.
Hard disks use metal platters that are stacked one on top of the other. Tracks, sectors, and cylinders are used to store and organize files on the hard disk. Tracks are circles on a platter. Each track is divided into invisible parts the size of wedges. These parts are called sectors. One cylinder passes through each track on a single movement of the platter. Cylinders are required to separate files stored in the same track and sector on different platters. When hard disk is formatted, tracks, sectors and cylinders are assumed.
Hard disk is a sensitive device. The air cushion for their reed / right head is only 0000001 inches thick. It is so thin that even a speck of smoke, fingerprint, dust particle or even a human hair is enough to cause a head crash.
A head crash occurs when the read-right head touches the surface of a hard disk or a particle on it. The surface of the disk is scratched and some or all of the data is lost. Once upon a time, head crashes were frequent. Fortunately this has now diminished.
There are two basic types of hard disks: internal and external.
Internal hard disk
The internal hard disk is inside the system unit. These hard disks can store large amounts of information and retrieve at high speed. They are used to store programs and data files. For example, almost every personal computer stores the operating system and large applications such as Word and Excel on the internal hard disk.
You need regular maintenance and backup of all important files to ensure good functioning of your internal hard disk and data security. Hard disk maintenance and backup See Windows Utility File History, Disk Cleanup and Optimize Drive in Chapter 4 for processing.
External Hard Drive
Internal Hard Disints Get Up to the hard disk, but their storage capacity is certain and it is not easy to remove it from the system unit. External hard disk does not give up fast, those generally connected to the USB or Thunderbolt port on the system unit and can be easily removed. The storage capacity of the EXTernal hard disk like the internal hard disk is also fixed. But if you remove a removable disk, it can be accessed unlimited data by using the Port of the system using the port.
External Hard Drive and Internal Hard Disk is the same and the Extrern Hard Drive is used mainly as an internal disk supplement. Being easy to remove, they are especially useful to keep those sensitive information safe. External Hard Drive are other uses of the hard drive to back up and provide additional hard disk capabilities.
Performance Improvements
are three ways to improve the performance of the hard disk, redundate arrand of inexpendi discs and file convention / daccination.
Disk capabilizes the requirement of the necessary data, by making the requirement of the hard disk. This is the same as the Kesha Memory which is described in the case 5. Kesha Memory improves a temporary Hi in memory and CPU and improves processing by becoming a temporary Hi - Speed Holding Area. If the disk kiping is a temporary hi - a temporary hi in the Secondary Storage Device and CPium, improves processing by becoming a speed holding area. A combination of hardware and software is required for disk kiping. During the time of Ideal Processing, frequently Used - This data is automatic identity and it is reduced from the hard disk from the disk kesh. Data is accessed directly from memory when needed. Transfer Rate is more quick from memory compared to a hard disk. As a result, the total system performance increases to 30 percent.
Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAIDs) improve performance by expanding external storage, increasing access speed, and providing reliable storage. It includes many cheap hard disk drives. Are connected to each other. This connection can be made via a network or through specialized RAID devices. Connected hard disk drives belong to, or in a group, and the computer system interacts with the RAID system as a large-capacity hard disk drive. The result is extended storage capacity, faster access speeds and higher reliability. For these reasons RAID is used by Internet servers and large organizations.
Solid state storage
hard disks rotate and have moving read / write heads. In contrast, solid state devices have no moving parts. These include data storage and electronic retrieval in the same way as traditional computers.
Solid state storage devices provide access to flash memory, also called solid state storage. As discussed in Chapter 5, Flash Memory offers a combination of features like RAM and ROM. It can be updated like RAM and like ROM the data in it is not lost when the computer is turned off. Flash memory is a bit slower than conventional memory, but much faster than conventional hard disk.
Solid state drives
Solid state drives (SSDs) are designed to connect inside a personal computer just like an internal hard disk, but have solid state memory instead of a magnetic disk to store data. SSDs are faster and more durable than hard disks. SSDs require less power, which makes the battery life of laptops and mobile devices last longer. SSDs are expensive and usually have less capacity than hard disks, but this is changing with the growing popularity of SSDs. SSDs are widely used in tablets, smartphones and other mobile devices. To take advantage of the speed and low power consumption of SSDs, and the low cost and high capacity of magnetic hard disks, computer manufacturers have developed hybrid systems that contain both SSDs and magnetic disks. These systems store operating systems and applications on SSD drives and store videos, music, documents and folders on magnetic hard drives.
Flash Memory Cards
Flash memory cards are small solid state storage devices that are mostly used in portable devices. Some cards are used inside devices such as laptops, smartphones and GPS navigation systems. Other cards are discarded as removable storage. For example, a flash memory card is used to store photos taken by a digital camera, which can be taken out and its contents transferred to desktop and other computers. Digital media players like iPods use flash memory to store and play music and video files.
USB drives
USB drives, or flash drives,
are small enough to fit on a keychain. These drives connect directly to the computer's USB port for file transfer and their capacity ranges from 1 GB to 256 GB and the price also depends on the capacity. Due to their convenient size and large capacity, USB drives have become very popular for exchanging data and information on computers, specialty devices and the Internet.
Optical Disks
Today's optical disks can hold 128 gigabytes of data. It is worth keeping. Optical discs are very common, most software and many movies are available on optical discs.
cloud storage
Until applications that need to be installed on a computer to run are called computing. The Internet is like a "cloud" of servers that provides customers with applications as a service, not in product form. In addition, these servers provide cloud storage, also called online storage.
Mass Storage Devices
We also consider secondary storage media and devices only for personal use. But we have no idea how important these can be for organizations. Mass storage is a huge amount of secondary storage that is required for large organizations. Mass storage devices are high-capacity specialized secondary storage devices designed to meet the data storage requirements of organizations. With the help of these mass storage measures, large corporations and organizations can centralize the maintenance and security of their data, which saves both cost and manpower.
